6/29/2023 0 Comments Normal shoulder range of motion![]() ![]() Weakness or imbalance in rotator cuff muscle strength causes excessive stress on the passive stabilizers of the shoulder joint and may lead to changes in shoulder motion. 8 The AHD varies from 10 to 15 mm in asymptomatic individuals 15− 17 and, when less than 7 mm, may reflect the risk for subacromial impingement syndrome. This selective posterior shoulder stiffness causes an abnormal humeral head transition, which alters glenohumeral motion and may decrease the AHD. 14 Borsa et al 14 hypothesized that the repetitive loads on the posterior shoulder during the deceleration phase of overhead activity cause microtrauma and scarring of the posterior soft tissue. ![]() 12, 13 Posterior shoulder stiffness is thought to be related to GIRD. 12 Individuals with more than 18° of IR ROM loss and 5° difference in total-rotation ROM between the dominant and nondominant shoulders are at risk for shoulder injury. 9, 11 Reduced shoulder IR is defined as a glenohumeral IR deficit (GIRD). 9− 11 These differences are characterized by increased external-rotation (ER) and decreased internal-rotation (IR) and total-rotation ROM in the dominant shoulder. Side-to-side differences in shoulder range of motion (ROM) have been documented in overhead athletes. 4 Researchers have demonstrated that repetitive overhead activities might alter shoulder-rotation motion, rotator strength, and acromiohumeral distance (AHD), which may cause shoulder pain and dysfunction. 2, 3 During spikes, hand speed can reach up to 120 km/h, and dynamic shoulder stabilization has a critical role in maintaining glenohumeral joint integrity. 1 These problems occur during repetitive high-demand throwing activities, such as spikes and serves. Shoulder problems are estimated to account for 8% to 20% of all volleyball-related injuries. ![]()
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